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Python Built-in Functions

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Asad Asad

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The Python built-in functions are defined as the functions whose functionality is pre-defined in Python. The Python interpreter has several functions that are always present for use. These functions are known as Built-in Functions. There are several built-in functions in Python, which are listed below:

Python abs() Function

The Python abs() function is used to return the absolute value of a number. It takes only one argument, a number whose absolute value is to be returned. The argument can be an integer or a floating-point number. If the argument is a complex number, then abs() returns its magnitude.

Python abs() Function Example

Let’s take an example to demonstrate the abs() function in Python.

#  integer number       
integer = -20    
print('Absolute value of -40 is:', abs(integer))    
    
#  floating number    
floating = -20.83    
print('Absolute value of -40.83 is:', abs(floating))

Output:

Absolute value of -20 is: 20
Absolute value of -20.83 is: 20.83

Python all() Function

The Python all() function accepts an iterable object (such as a list, dictionary, etc.). It returns true if all items in the passed iterable are true. Otherwise, it returns False. If the iterable object is empty, the all() function returns True.

Python all() Function Example

Let’s take an example to demonstrate the all() function in Python.

# all values true    
k = [1, 3, 4, 6]    
print(all(k))    
    
# all values false    
k = [0, False]    
print(all(k))    
    
# one false value    
k = [1, 3, 7, 0]    
print(all(k))    
    
# one true value    
k = [0, False, 5]    
print(all(k))    
    
# empty iterable    
k = []    
print(all(k))

Output:

True
False
False
False
True

Python bin() Function

The Python bin() function is used to return the binary representation of a specified integer. A result always starts with the prefix 0b.

Python bin() Function Example

Let us take an example to illustrate the bin() function in Python.

x =  10  
y =  bin(x)  
print (y)

Output:

0b1010

Python bool() Function

The Python bool() converts a value to a Boolean (True or False) using the standard truth testing procedure.

Python bool() Function Example

Let us take an example to illustrate the bool() function in Python.

test1 = []  
print(test1,'is',bool(test1))  
test1 = [0]  
print(test1,'is',bool(test1))  
test1 = 0.0  
print(test1,'is',bool(test1))  
test1 = None  
print(test1,'is',bool(test1))  
test1 = True  
print(test1,'is',bool(test1))  
test1 = 'Easy string'  
print(test1,'is',bool(test1))

Output:

[] is False
[0] is True
0.0 is False
None is False
True is True
Easy string is True

Python bytes()

The Python bytes() in Python is used for returning a bytes object. It is an immutable version of the bytearray() function.

It can create an empty bytes object of the specified size.

Python bytes() Function Example

Let us take an example to illustrate the bytes() function in Python.

string = "Hello World."  
array = bytes(string, 'utf-8')  
print(array)

Output:

b ' Hello World.'

Python callable() Function

A Python callable() function is a built-in function that checks and returns true if the object passed appears to be callable, otherwise false.

Python callable() Function Example

Let us take an example to illustrate the callable() function in Python.

x = 8  
print(callable(x))

Output:

False

Python compile() Function

The Python compile() function takes source code as input and returns a code object, which can later be executed by the exec() function.

Python compile() Function Example

Let us take an example to illustrate the compile() function in Python.

# compile string source to code    
code_str = 'x=5\ny=10\nprint("sum =",x+y)'    
code = compile(code_str, 'sum.py', 'exec')    
print(type(code))    
exec(code)    
exec(x)

Output:

<class 'code'>
sum = 15

Python exec() Function

The Python exec() function is used for the dynamic execution of a Python program, which can either be a string or object code, and it accepts large blocks of code, unlike the eval() function, which only accepts a single expression.

Python exec() Function Example

Let us take an example to illustrate the exec() function in Python.

x = 8  
exec('print(x==8)')  
exec('print(x+4)')

Output:

True
12

Python sum() Function

As the name says, the Python sum() function is used to get the sum of numbers in an iterable, i.e., a list.

Python sum() Function Example

Let us take an example to illustrate the sum() function in Python.

s = sum([1, 2,4 ])  
print(s)  
  
s = sum([1, 2, 4], 10)  
print(s)

Output:

7
17

Python any() Function

The Python any() function returns true if any item in an iterable is true. Otherwise, it returns False.

Python any() Function Example

Let us take an example to illustrate the any() function in Python.

l = [4, 3, 2, 0]                              
print(any(l))                                   
  
l = [0, False]  
print(any(l))  
  
l = [0, False, 5]  
print(any(l))  
  
l = []  
print(any(l))

Output:

True
False
True
False

Python ascii() Function

The Python ascii() function returns a string containing a printable representation of an object and escapes the non-ASCII characters in the string using \x, \u, or \U escapes.

Python ascii() Function Example

Let us take an example to demonstrate the ascii() function in Python.

normalText = 'Python is interesting'    
print(ascii(normalText))    
    
otherText = 'Python is interesting'    
print(ascii(otherText))    
   
print('Pyth\xf6n is interesting')

Output:

'Python is interesting'
'Pyth\xf6n is interesting'
Python is interesting

Python bytearray() Function

The Python bytearray() returns a bytearray object and can convert objects into bytearray objects, or create an empty bytearray object of the specified size.

Python bytearray() Function Example

Let us take an example to illustrate the bytearray() function in Python.

string = "Python is a programming language."  
  
# string with encoding 'utf-8'  
arr = bytearray(string, 'utf-8')  
print(arr)

Output:

bytearray(b'Python is a programming language.')

Python eval() Function

The Python eval() function parses the expression passed to it and runs the Python expression(code) within the program.

Python eval() Function Example

Let us take an example to illustrate the eval() function in Python.

x = 8  
print(eval('x + 1'))

Output:

9

Python float() Function

The Python float() function returns a floating-point number from a number or string.

Python float() Example Function

Let us take an example to illustrate the float() function in Python.

# for integers  
print(float(9))  
  
# for floats  
print(float(8.19))  
  
# for string floats  
print(float("-24.27"))  
  
# for string floats with whitespaces  
print(float("     -17.19\n"))  
  
# string float error  
print(float("xyz"))

Output:

9.0
8.19
-24.27
-17.19
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'xyz'

Python format() Function

The Python format() function returns a formatted representation of the given value.

Python format() Function Example

Let us take an example to illustrate the format() function in Python.

# d, f and b are a type  
  
# integer  
print(format(123, "d"))  
  
# float arguments  
print(format(123.4567898, "f"))  
  
# binary format  
print(format(12, "b"))

Output:

123
123.456790
1100

Python frozenset()

The Python frozenset() function returns an immutable frozenset object initialized with elements from the given iterable.

Python frozenset() Function Example

Let’s take an example to demonstrate the frozenset() function in Python.

# tuple of letters  
letters = ('m', 'r', 'o', 't', 's')  
  
fSet = frozenset(letters)  
print('Frozen set is:', fSet)  
print('Empty frozen set is:', frozenset())

Output:

Frozen set is: frozenset({'o', 'm', 's', 'r', 't'})
Empty frozen set is: frozenset()

Python getattr() Function

The Python getattr() function returns the value of a named attribute of an object. If it is not found, it returns the default value.

Python getattr() Function Example

Let us take an example to illustrate the getattr() function in Python.

class Details:  
    age = 22  
    name = "Phill"  
  
details = Details()  
print('The age is:', getattr(details, "age"))  
print('The age is:', details.age)

Output:

The age is: 22
The age is: 22

Python globals() Function

The Python globals() function returns the dictionary of the current global symbol table.

A Symbol table is defined as a data structure that contains all the necessary information about the program. It includes variable names, methods, classes, etc.

Python globals() Function Example

Let us take an example to illustrate the globals() function in Python.

age = 22  
  
globals()['age'] = 22  
print('The age is:', age)

Output:

The age is: 22

Python iter() Function

The Python iter() function is used to return an iterator object. It creates an object that can be iterated over one element at a time.

Python iter() Function Example

Let us take an example to illustrate the iter() function in Python.

# list of numbers  
list = [1,2,3,4,5]  
  
listIter = iter(list)  
  
# prints '1'  
print(next(listIter))  
  
# prints '2'  
print(next(listIter))  
  
# prints '3'  
print(next(listIter))  
  
# prints '4'  
print(next(listIter))  
  
# prints '5'  
print(next(listIter))

Output:

1
2
3
4
5

Python len() Function

The Python len() function is used to return the length (the number of items) of an object.

Python len() Function Example

Let us take an example to illustrate the len() function in Python.

strA = 'Python'  

print(len(strA)) 

    Output:

    6

    Python list() Function

    The Python list() creates a list in Python.

    Python list() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the list() function in Python.

    # empty list  
print(list())  
  
# string  
String = 'abcde'       
print(list(String))  
  
# tuple  
Tuple = (1,2,3,4,5)  
print(list(Tuple))  
# list  
List = [1,2,3,4,5]  
print(list(List))

    Output:

    []
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
[1,2,3,4,5]
[1,2,3,4,5]

    Python locals() Function

    The Python locals() method updates and returns the dictionary of the current local symbol table.

    A Symbol table is defined as a data structure that contains all the necessary information about the program. It includes variable names, methods, classes, etc.

    Python locals() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the locals() function in Python.

    def localsAbsent():  
    return locals()  
  
def localsPresent():  
    present = True  
    return locals()  
  
print('localsNotPresent:', localsAbsent())  
print('localsPresent:', localsPresent())

    Output:

    localsAbsent: {}
localsPresent: {'present': True}

    Python map() Function

    The Python map() function is used to return a list of results after applying a given function to each item of an iterable(list, tuple, etc.).

    Python map() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the map() function in Python.

    def calculateAddition(n):  
  return n+n  
  
numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4)  
result = map(calculateAddition, numbers)  
print(result)  
  
# converting map object to set  
numbersAddition = set(result)  
print(numbersAddition)

    Output:

    <map object at 0x7fb04a6bec18>
{8, 2, 4, 6}

    Python memoryview() Function

    The Python memoryview() function returns a memoryview object of the given argument.

    Python memoryview() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the memoryview() function in Python.

    #A random bytearray  
randomByteArray = bytearray('ABC', 'utf-8')  
  
mv = memoryview(randomByteArray)  
  
# access the memory view's zeroth index  
print(mv[0])  
  
# It create byte from memory view  
print(bytes(mv[0:2]))  
  
# It create list from memory view  
print(list(mv[0:3]))

    Output:

    65
b'AB'
[65, 66, 67]

    Python object()

    The Python object() returns an empty object. It is a base for all the classes and holds the built-in properties and methods that are default for all the classes.

    Python object() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the object() function in Python.

    python = object()  
  
print(type(python))  
print(dir(python))

    Output:

    <class 'object'>
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__',
'__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__ne__',
'__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__',
'__str__', '__subclasshook__']

    Python open() Function

    The Python open() function opens the file and returns a corresponding file object.

    Python open() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the open() function in Python.

    # opens python.text file of the current directory  
f = open("python.txt")  
# specifying full path  
f = open("C:/Python33/README.txt")

    Output:

    Since the mode is omitted, the file is opened in 'r' mode; opens for reading.

    Python chr() Function

    The Python chr() function is used to get a string representing a character that points to a Unicode code point. For example, chr(97) returns the string ‘a’. This function takes an integer argument and throws an error if it exceeds the specified range. The standard range of the argument is from 0 to 1,114,111.

    Python chr() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the chr() function in Python.

    # Calling function  
result = chr(102) # It returns string representation of a char  
result2 = chr(112)  
# Displaying result  
print(result)  
print(result2)  
# Verify, is it string type?  
print("is it string type:", type(result) is str)

    Output:

    ValueError: chr() arg not in range(0x110000)

    Python complex() Function

    Python’s complex() function is used to convert numbers or strings into a complex number. This method takes two optional parameters and returns a complex number. The first parameter is called the real part, and the second is the imaginary part.

    Python complex() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the complex() function in Python.

    # Python complex() function example  
# Calling function  
a = complex(1) # Passing single parameter  
b = complex(1,2) # Passing both parameters  
# Displaying result  
print(a)  
print(b)

    Output:

    (1.5+0j)
(1.5+2.2j)

    Python delattr() Function

    The Python delattr() function is used to delete an attribute from a class. It takes two parameters: the first is an object of the class, and the second is an attribute that we want to delete. After deleting the attribute, it is no longer available in the class and throws an error if you try to call it using the class object.

    Python delattr() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the delattr() function in Python.

    class Student:  
    id = 101  
    name = "Pranshu"  
    email = "[email protected]"  
# Declaring function  
    def getinfo(self):  
        print(self.id, self.name, self.email)  
s = Student()  
s.getinfo()  
delattr(Student,'course') # Removing attribute which is not available  
s.getinfo() # error: throws an error

    Output:

    101 Pranshu [email protected]
    AttributeError: course

    Python dir() Function

    Python dir() function returns the list of names in the current local scope. If the object on which the method is called has a method named __dir__(), this method will be called and must return the list of attributes. It takes a single object type argument.

    Python dir() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the dir() function in Python.

    # Calling function  
att = dir()  
# Displaying result  
print(att)

    Output:

    ['__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__',
'__name__', '__package__', '__spec__']

    Python divmod() Function

    The Python divmod() function is used to get the remainder and quotient of two numbers. This function takes two numeric arguments and returns a tuple. Both arguments are required and numeric.

    Python divmod() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the divmod() function in Python.

    # Python divmod() function example  
# Calling function  
result = divmod(10,2)  
# Displaying result  
print(result)

    Output:

    (5, 0)

    Python enumerate() Function

    The Python enumerate() function returns an enumerated object. It takes two parameters: the first is a sequence of elements, and the second is the start index of the sequence. We can get the elements in sequence either through a loop or the next() method.

    Python enumerate() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the enumerate() function in Python.

    # Calling function  
result = enumerate([1,2,3])  
# Displaying result  
print(result)  
print(list(result))

    Output:

    <enumerate object at 0x7ff641093d80>
[(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3)]

    Python dict() Function

    The Python dict() function is a constructor that creates a dictionary. Python dictionary provides three different constructors to create a dictionary:

    • If no argument is passed, it creates an empty dictionary.
    • If a positional argument is given, a dictionary is created with the same key-value pairs. Otherwise, pass an iterable object.
    • If keyword arguments are given, the keyword arguments and their values are added to the dictionary created from the positional argument.

    Python dict() Function Example

    Let us take an example to demonstrate the dict() function in Python.

    # Calling function  
result = dict() # returns an empty dictionary  
result2 = dict(a=1,b=2)  
# Displaying result  
print(result)  
print(result2)

    Output:

    {}
{'a': 1, 'b': 2}

    Python filter() Function

    The Python filter() function is used to get filtered elements. This function takes two arguments: the first is a function, and the second is an iterable. The filter function returns a sequence of those elements of an iterable object for which the function returns a true value.

    The first argument can be none if the function is not available and returns only elements that are true.

    Python filter() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the filter() function in Python.

    # Python filter() function example  
def filterdata(x):  
    if x>5:  
        return x  
# Calling function  
result = filter(filterdata,(1,2,6))  
# Displaying result  
print(list(result))

    Output:

    [6]

    Python hash() Function

    The Python hash() function is used to get the hash value of an object. Python calculates the hash value by using the hash algorithm. The hash values are integers and used to compare dictionary keys during a dictionary lookup. We can hash only the types that are given below:

    Hashable types: * bool * int * long * float * string * Unicode * tuple * code object.

    Python hash() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the hash() function in Python.

    # Calling function  
result = hash(21) # integer value  
result2 = hash(22.2) # decimal value  
# Displaying result  
print(result)  
print(result2)

    Output:

    21
461168601842737174

    Python help() Function

    Python’s help() function is used to get help related to the object passed during the call. It takes an optional parameter and returns help information. If no argument is given, it shows the Python help console. It internally calls Python’s help function.

    Python help() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the help() function in Python.

    # Calling function  
info = help() # No argument  
# Displaying result  
print(info)

    Output:

    Welcome to Python 3.5's help utility!

    Python min() Function

    The Python min() function is used to get the smallest element from the collection. This function takes two arguments: the first is a collection of elements, and the second is a key, and returns the smallest element from the collection.

    Python min() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the min() function in Python.

    # Calling function    
small = min(2225,325,2025) # returns smallest element    
small2 = min(1000.25,2025.35,5625.36,10052.50)    
# Displaying result    
print(small)    
print(small2

    Output:

    325
1000.25

    Python set() Function

    In Python, a set is a built-in class, and the Python set() function is a constructor of this class. It is used to create a new set using elements passed during the call. It takes an iterable object as an argument and returns a new set object.

    Python set() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the set() function in Python.

    # Calling function    
result = set() # empty set    
result2 = set('12')    
result3 = set('TpointTech')    
# Displaying result    
print(result)    
print(result2)    
print(result3)

    Output:

    set()
{'2', '1'}
{'i', 't', 'h', 'e', 'p', 'o', 'c', 'n', 'T'}

    Python hex() Function

    Python’s hex() function is used to generate the hex value of an integer argument. It takes an integer argument and returns an integer converted into a hexadecimal string. In case we want to get a hexadecimal value of a float, then use float.hex() function.

    Python hex() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the hex() function in Python.

    # Calling function  
result = hex(1)   
# integer value  
result2 = hex(342)   
# Displaying result  
print(result)  
print(result2)

    Output:

    0x1
0x156

    Python id() Function

    Python’s id() function returns the identity of an object. This is an integer that is guaranteed to be unique. This function takes an argument as an object and returns a unique integer number that represents identity. Two objects with non-overlapping lifetimes may have the same id() value.

    Python id() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the id() function in Python.

    # Calling function    
val = id("TpointTech") # string object    
val2 = id(1200) # integer object    
val3 = id([25,336,95,236,92,3225]) # List object    
# Displaying result    
print(val)    
print(val2)    
print(val3)

    Output:

    136794813706224
136794813580496
136794813641408

    Python setattr() Function

    The Python setattr() function is used to set a value to the object’s attribute. It takes three arguments, i.e., an object, a string, and an arbitrary value, and returns none. It is helpful when we want to add a new attribute to an object and set a value to it.

    Python setattr() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the setattr() function in Python.

    class Student:    
    id = 0    
    name = ""    
        
    def __init__(self, id, name):    
        self.id = id    
        self.name = name    
            
student = Student(102,"Sohan")    
print(student.id)    
print(student.name)    
#print(student.email) product error    
setattr(student, 'email','[email protected]') # adding new attribute    
print(student.email)

    Output:

    102
Sohan

    [email protected]

    Python hasattr() Function

    In Python, the hasattr() function is a built-in function used to check whether an object has a specified attribute. It returns True if the attribute exists and False if it does not exist.

    Python hasattr() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the hasattr() function in Python.

    class Car:  
    brand = "Ford"  
    model = "Mustang"  
  
my_car = Car()  
  
# It checks if the car's brand attribute exists in the Car class  
print(hasattr(Car, "brand"))  
  
# It checks if the car's model attribute exists in the my_car object  
print(hasattr(my_car, "model"))  
  
# It checks for an attribute that does not exist  
print(hasattr(my_car, "year"))

    Output:

    True
True
False

    Python slice() Function

    The Python slice() function is used to get a slice of elements from a collection of elements. Python provides two overloaded slice functions. The first function takes a single argument, while the second function takes three arguments and returns a slice object. This slice object can be used to get a subsection of the collection.

    Python slice() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the slice() function in Python.

    # Calling function  
result = slice(5) # returns slice object  
result2 = slice(0,5,3) # returns slice object  
# Displaying result  
print(result)  
print(result2)

    Output:

    slice(None, 5, None)
slice(0, 5, 3)

    Python sorted() Function

    The Python sorted() function is used to sort elements. By default, it sorts elements in an ascending order, but it can also be sorted in descending order. It takes four arguments and returns a collection in sorted order. In the case of a dictionary, it sorts only keys, not values.

    Python sorted() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the sorted() function in Python.

    str = "Python App" # declaring string    
# Calling function    
sorted1 = sorted(str) # sorting string    
# Displaying result    
print(sorted1)

    Output:

    [' ', 'A', 'P', 'h', 'n', 'o', 'p', 't', 'y']

    Python next() Function

    Python next() function is used to fetch the next item from the collection. It takes two arguments, i.e., an iterator and a default value, and returns an element.

    This method calls on the iterator and throws an error if no item is present. To avoid the error, we can set a default value.

    Python next() Function Example

    Let us take an example to demonstrate the bin() function in Python.

    number = iter([256, 32, 82]) # Creating iterator    
# Calling function    
item = next(number)     
# Displaying result    
print(item)    
# second item    
item = next(number)    
print(item)    
# third item    
item = next(number)    
print(item)

    Output:

    256
32
82

    Python input() Function

    The Python input() function is used to get input from the user. It prompts for the user input and reads a line. After reading the data, it converts it into a string and returns it. It throws an EOFError if EOF is read.

    Python input() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the input() function in Python.

    # Calling function    
val = input("Enter a value: ")    
# Displaying result    
print("You entered:",val)

    Output:

    Enter a value: 45
You entered: 45

    Python int() Function

    The Python int() function is used to get an integer value. It returns an expression converted into an integer number. If the argument is a floating-point number, the conversion truncates the number. If the argument is outside the integer range, then it converts the number into a long type.

    If the number is not a number or if a base is given, the number must be a string.

    Python int() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the int() function in Python.

    # Calling function  
val = int(10) # integer value  
val2 = int(10.52) # float value  
val3 = int('10') # string value  
# Displaying result  
print("integer values :",val, val2, val3)

    Output:

    integer values : 10 10 10

    Python isinstance() Function

    The Python isinstance() function is used to check whether the given object is an instance of that class. If the object belongs to the class, it returns true. Otherwise returns False. It also returns true if the class is a subclass.

    The isinstance() function takes two arguments, i.e., object and classinfo, and then it returns either True or False.

    Python isinstance() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the isinstance() function in Python.

    class Student:  
    id = 101  
    name = "John"  
    def __init__(self, id, name):  
        self.id=id  
        self.name=name  
  
student = Student(1010,"John")  
lst = [12,34,5,6,767]  
# Calling function   
print(isinstance(student, Student)) # isinstance of Student class  
print(isinstance(lst, Student))

    Output:

    True
False

    Python oct() Function

    The Python oct() function is used to get the octal value of an integer number. This method takes an argument and returns an integer converted into an octal string. It throws an error, TypeError, if the argument type is other than an integer.

    Python oct() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the oct() function in Python.

    # Calling function  
val = oct(10)  
# Displaying result  
print("Octal value of 10:",val)

    Output:

    Octal value of 10: 0o12

    Python ord() Function

    The Python ord() function returns an integer representing the Unicode code point for the given Unicode character.

    Python ord() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the ord() function in Python.

    # Code point of an integer  
print(ord('8'))  
  
# Code point of an alphabet   
print(ord('R'))  
  
# Code point of a character  
print(ord('&'))

    Output:

    56
82
38

    Python pow() Function

    The Python pow() function is used to compute the power of a number. It returns x to the power of y. If the third argument(z) is given, it returns x to the power of y modulus z, i.e., (x, y) % z.

    Python pow() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the pow() function in Python.

    # positive x, positive y (x**y)  
print(pow(4, 2))  
  
# negative x, positive y  
print(pow(-4, 2))  
  
# positive x, negative y (x**-y)  
print(pow(4, -2))  
  
# negative x, negative y  
print(pow(-4, -2))

    Output:

    16
16
0.0625
0.0625

    Python print() Function

    The Python print() function prints the given object to the screen or other standard output devices.

    Python print() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the print() function in Python.

    print("Python is programming language.")  
  
x = 7  
# Two objects passed  
print("x =", x)  
  
y = x  
# Three objects passed  
print('x =', x, '= y')

    Output:

    Python is programming language.
x = 7
x = 7 = y

    Python range() Function

    The Python range() function returns an immutable sequence of numbers starting from 0 by default, increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number.

    Python range() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the range() function in Python.

    # empty range  
print(list(range(0)))  
  
# using the range(stop)  
print(list(range(4)))  
  
# using the range(start, stop)  
print(list(range(1,7 )))

    Output:

    []
[0, 1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

    Python reversed() Function

    The Python reversed() function returns the reversed iterator of the given sequence.

    Python reversed() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the reversed() function in Python.

    # for string  
String = 'Java'  
print(list(reversed(String)))  
  
# for tuple  
Tuple = ('J', 'a', 'v', 'a')  
print(list(reversed(Tuple)))  
  
# for range  
Range = range(8, 12)  
print(list(reversed(Range)))  
  
# for list  
List = [1, 2, 7, 5]  
print(list(reversed(List)))

    Output:

    ['a', 'v', 'a', 'J']
['a', 'v', 'a', 'J']
[11, 10, 9, 8]
[5, 7, 2, 1]

    Python round() Function

    The Python round() function rounds off the digits of a number and returns the floating-point number.

    Python round() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the round() function in Python.

    #  for integers  
print(round(10))  
  
#  for floating point  
print(round(10.8))  
  
#  even choice  
print(round(6.6))

    Output:

    10
11
7

    Python issubclass() Function

    The Python issubclass() function returns true if the object argument(first argument) is a subclass of the second class(second argument).

    Python issubclass() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the issubclass() function in Python.

    class Rectangle:  
  def __init__(rectangleType):  
    print('Rectangle is a ', rectangleType)  
  
class Square(Rectangle):  
  def __init__(self):  
    Rectangle.__init__('square')  
      
print(issubclass(Square, Rectangle))  
print(issubclass(Square, list))  
print(issubclass(Square, (list, Rectangle)))  
print(issubclass(Rectangle, (list, Rectangle)))

    Output:

    True
False
True
True

    Python str() Function

    The Python str() converts a specified value into a string.

    Python str() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the str() function in Python.

    str('4')  

    Output:

    '4'

    Python tuple() Function

    The Python tuple() function is used to create a tuple object.

    Python tuple() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the tuple() function in Python.

    t1 = tuple()  
print('t1=', t1)  
  
# creating a tuple from a list  
t2 = tuple([1, 6, 9])  
print('t2=', t2)  
  
# creating a tuple from a string  
t1 = tuple('Java')  
print('t1=',t1)  
  
# creating a tuple from a dictionary  
t1 = tuple({4: 'four', 5: 'five'})  
print('t1=',t1)

    Output:

    t1= ()
t2= (1, 6, 9)
t1= ('J', 'a', 'v', 'a')
t1= (4, 5)

    Python type()

    The Python type() returns the type of the specified object if a single argument is passed to the type() built-in function. If three arguments are passed, then it returns a new type object.

    Python type() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the type() function in Python.

    List = [4, 5]  
print(type(List))  
  
Dict = {4: 'four', 5: 'five'}  
print(type(Dict))  
  
class Python:  
    a = 0  
  
InstanceOfPython = Python()  
print(type(InstanceOfPython))

    Output:

    <class 'list'>
<class 'dict'>
<class '__main__.Python'>

    Python vars() function

    The Python vars() function returns the __dict__ attribute of the given object.

    Python vars() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the vars() function in Python.

    class Python:  
  def __init__(self, x = 7, y = 9):  
    self.x = x  
    self.y = y  
    
InstanceOfPython = Python()  
print(vars(InstanceOfPython))

    Output:

    {'y': 9, 'x': 7}

    Python zip() Function

    The Python zip() Function returns a zip object, which maps a similar index of multiple containers. It takes iterables (can be zero or more), makes it an iterator that aggregates the elements based on the iterables passed, and returns an iterator of tuples.

    Python zip() Function Example

    Let us take an example to illustrate the zip() function in Python.

    numList = [4,5, 6]  
strList = ['four', 'five', 'six']  
  
# No iterables are passed  
result = zip()  
  
# Converting itertor to list  
resultList = list(result)  
print(resultList)  
  
# Two iterables are passed  
result = zip(numList, strList)  
  
# Converting itertor to set  
resultSet = set(result)  
print(resultSet)

    Output:

    []
{(5, 'five'), (4, 'four'), (6, 'six')}

    Total Number of Built-in Functions in Python

    There are a variety of Built-in functions in Python. In the latest 3.11 version of Python, there are more than 70+ built-in functions.

    We can check out all the built-in functions available in Python using the following code:

    Python Example to Find Total Number of Built-in Functions

    Let us take an example to illustrate the how to find the total number of built-in functions in Python.

    import builtins  

print(dir(builtins))  

      Output:

      ['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'BaseExceptionGroup', 'BlockingIOError', 'BrokenPipeError', 'BufferError', 'BytesWarning', 'ChildProcessError', 'ConnectionAbortedError', 'ConnectionError', 'ConnectionRefusedError', 'ConnectionResetError', 'DeprecationWarning', 'EOFError', 'Ellipsis', 'EncodingWarning', 'EnvironmentError', 'Exception', 'ExceptionGroup', 'False', 'FileExistsError', 'FileNotFoundError', 'FloatingPointError', 'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit', 'IOError', 'ImportError', 'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError', 'IndexError', 'InterruptedError', 'IsADirectoryError', 'KeyError', 'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError', 'MemoryError', 'ModuleNotFoundError', 'NameError', 'None', 'NotADirectoryError', 'NotImplemented', 'NotImplementedError', 'OSError', 'OverflowError', 'PendingDeprecationWarning', 'PermissionError', 'ProcessLookupError', 'RecursionError', 'ReferenceError', 'ResourceWarning', 'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning', 'StopAsyncIteration', 'StopIteration', 'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit', 'TabError', 'TimeoutError', 'True', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError', 'UnicodeDecodeError', 'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError', 'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'Warning', 'ZeroDivisionError', '__IPYTHON__', '__build_class__', '__debug__', '__doc__', '__import__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'abs', 'aiter', 'all', 'anext', 'any', 'ascii', 'bin', 'bool', 'breakpoint', 'bytearray', 'bytes', 'callable', 'chr', 'classmethod', 'compile', 'complex', 'copyright', 'credits', 'delattr', 'dict', 'dir', 'display', 'divmod', 'enumerate', 'eval', 'exec', 'execfile', 'filter', 'float', 'format', 'frozenset', 'get_iPython', 'getattr', 'globals', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'help', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 'int', 'isinstance', 'issubclass', 'iter', 'len', 'license', 'list', 'locals', 'map', 'max', 'memoryview', 'min', 'next', 'object', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow', 'print', 'property', 'range', 'repr', 'reversed', 'round', 'runfile', 'set', 'setattr', 'slice', 'sorted', 'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum', 'super', 'tuple', 'type', 'vars', 'zip']

      Conclusion

      In this tutorial, we covered everything about Python Built-in Functions. We learnt about various types of built-in functions in Python, like abs(), bin(), all(), bool(), compile(), sum(), ascii(), float(), etc. The Python built-in functions are defined as the functions whose functionality is pre-defined in Python. The Python interpreter has several functions that are always present for use. We studied each of these functions in detail with examples and their outputs. In conclusion, Python built-in functions are a vast topic and are necessary for efficient and time-saving coding.

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